Maintaining a pregnancy after conception requires absolute collaboration and balance between the embryo and the mother's immune system. In some women, this system, instead of protecting the new beginning, may inadvertently treat it as an "intruder." Immunological causes of infertility are one of the most contemporary — yet misunderstood — aspects of reproductive medicine. At FertUlity, we believe that the immune system should be trained — not suppressed. Through specialized tests such as KIR, ImMAP, and NK cell analysis, we can determine whether such a misinterpretation by the body exists and propose targeted, personalized treatment solutions.
Fertility immune testing is not a simple, general blood test, but a combination of specialized markers that analyze how the body perceives and responds to embryo implantation and pregnancy in general. It includes both genetic and hematological / cytological analyses, performed via blood sampling or endometrial tissue collection, depending on the case.
KIR Typing (Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors)
These are genetic receptors of natural killer (NK) cells. Determining the mother’s KIR gene type requires a simple blood test. If the KIR genes of the mother and the HLA-C type of the embryo are incompatible, the risk of miscarriage or implantation failure may increase.
NK Cells (Natural Killer Cells)
NK cells are part of the innate immune system. Their count and activity are also assessed through a blood sample. In some cases, they may overreact to the presence of the embryo, triggering inflammation or even rejection. Measuring their concentration and activity can reveal a "hidden" barrier.
ImMAP Profiling
This is a pioneering test requiring an endometrial sample taken via a thin catheter in the clinic in just a few minutes. ImMAP Profiling analyzes cytokines, inflammatory markers, and the overall immune profile of the endometrium. It is used to determine whether the endometrium is “receptive” or if further support is needed. The combination of results from the above markers offers a holistic view of the immunological status, enabling us to accurately design the appropriate treatment protocol.
When Immunological Testing is Indicated
Immunological testing is not recommended in all cases but becomes necessary when there are signs that the natural immune balance has been disrupted. It is particularly useful for couples who have experienced repeated implantation failures (RIF) after in vitro fertilization (IVF), or in cases of recurrent miscarriage, where other possible causes have been ruled out. Additionally, when increased inflammatory activity in the endometrium is observed or when no genetic, hormonal, or anatomical reasons can explain the difficulty in conception, immune testing may provide the crucial answers needed to design an effective treatment strategy.
How Immunological Barriers Are Treated
The treatment approach focuses not on suppression but on restoring immune system balance.
Depending on test findings, the following interventions may be applied:
Intralipids (intravenous lipid emulsions) to regulate NK cell activity
Cortisone in controlled dosage to reduce inflammation
Sitagliptin or other immunomodulating agents
Endometrial support with cytokines or growth factors
Personalized IVF protocol based on KIR/HLA-C compatibility between mother and embryo
The goal is to establish a balanced immune profile that will support implantation and pregnancy continuation. With accurate diagnosis and immune regulation, the chances of successful implantation and full-term pregnancy are significantly increased.
Frequently Asked Questions About Immunological Fertility Testing
Is it safe to regulate the immune system?
Absolutely. The interventions are mild and targeted, aiming not to suppress the body's defense system but to adapt it for a balanced reproductive environment.
On which day of the cycle should the tests be done?
The timing depends on the test. Blood tests (e.g., KIR, NK cells) can be done on any day, while endometrial sampling for ImMAP profiling is usually performed in the second phase of the cycle (7th to 9th day after ovulation) to provide a reliable picture of the endometrial response.
Is the procedure painful?
Blood tests are entirely painless. Endometrial biopsy may cause mild discomfort similar to a period cramp and lasts less than 2 minutes.
Are follow-up tests required?
In many cases, immune testing is done only once. If there’s a significant change in inflammatory or immune status (e.g., after treatment), a follow-up may be requested to confirm improvement.
Can I have an immune issue and not know it?
Yes. Most immune-related barriers are "silent" and present no symptoms. They are typically detected only when there are unexplained implantation failures or miscarriages that are thoroughly investigated.
Our Doctors
In an era where fertility requires knowledge, care, and substantial guidance, FertUlity is not an impersonal clinic. It is two people who look you in the eye and accompany you step by step on the journey you dream of.
Dr. Chrysostomos (Makis) Papadopoulos Obstetrician – Gynecologist, MD, PhDc, MIC I
100% genuine, public Google reviews. Because every fertility journey begins with honesty and trust.
Posted on Google
Μαρια
26 days ago
The word "thank you" to Dr. Makis Papadopoulos is too small to describe the gratitude we feel for this man. I am pregnant after IVF, having succeeded on the first attempt, and we owe this exclusively to our doctor. First Contact & Communication: From the very first contact, he won us over with his kindness, enthusiasm and willingness to dedicate as much time as we needed. Willing to explain everything in every detail, he solved every question we had in depth — not even a professor to students would analyze them with such patience and contagiousness! Scientific Training: He is an excellent scientist, with deep knowledge of the subject, a perfectionist and focused professional who leaves absolutely nothing to chance. He designed the right treatment for us, solving every problem down to the last detail, making us feel that whatever problem arises, it is certain that it will be solved. HUMANITY & SUPPORT: The most important thing, however, is his humanity. Communication with him was Immediate and he always had as much time as you needed on the phone to solve every question. He showed a deep, real interest, embracing us not just as a doctor, but as if he were our brother. We highly recommend him to every couple starting this journey. He deserves blind trust! We thank you from the bottom of our hearts for the greatest miracle of our lives!
I don't often write reviews, but I feel that Mr. Makis truly deserves it. From the very first moment, he made me feel safe and confident. He listened carefully to what was on my mind, answered every question I had, and explained everything in a simple way, always based on scientific data. Many times, he even sent me relevant scientific studies so that I could better understand why he was suggesting a particular approach. But what stood out to me the most was that he didn't stop at the appointment. He followed up, was genuinely interested in my progress, and was available when I needed him. This is something you rarely encounter. Fortunately, he returned to Greece. He is one of the few doctors who, beyond their knowledge, remain above all human beings. He makes you feel like he sees you as a person and not as just another incident.
A big thank you to Dr. Makis Papadopoulos who supported us from day one, who checked every little detail, who explained to us every move-step, every test, every medication for the reason we were doing it and what we would achieve. With incredible experience, knowledge, a lot of patience (because we had two other failed attempts with another doctor) and trust, within 8 months he adapted the protocols for our case and we achieved the positive result and we hold in our arms a priceless diamond. Above all, a rare person, calm and always available to listen to our concerns and reassure us. I highly recommend him!
Thanks to Dr Makis Papadopoulos, I am now holding my two beautiful babies in my arms! He is a true expert. Professional with a human centric approach, friendly and empathetic, always available to answer our (many many) questions. I trust Dr Makis blindly and, honestly, I cannot recommend him enough!
Posted on Google
Ivy
100 days ago
My experience with Dr. Makis took me from a clinical stagnation to an incredible breakthrough, highly recommend Dr. Makis! Navigating the exhausting world of IVF, you know how devastating it is to watch your protocol dosages go up while your results go down. After three intense, high-dosage cycles with a previous clinic, I was left feeling incredibly discouraged. Despite escalating medications and growth hormones, my blastocyst yield was dwindling, culminating in a heartbreaking round with zero blastocysts. I knew I needed a doctor who didn't just follow a standard script, but who truly understood the nuances of egg quality and customized protocols. That is when I found Dr. Makis. Dr. Makis completely revolutionized my treatment plan. Instead of just pushing maximum dosages, he took a highly strategic, tailored approach. The result? Quality over pure protocol size. While my previous doctors kept increasing the medication dosages (which yielded fewer or zero blastocysts), Dr. Makis completely changed the strategy. He lowered the heavy stimulation, introduced smart egg-quality support (like melatonin), changed the protocol style entirely, and achieved a 700% increase in blastocysts compared to my best previous rounds. Beyond the incredible results, Dr. Makis brings a level of expertise, precision, and reassuring care that is rare to find. He looks at you as an individual, not a statistic, and knows exactly how to pivot when traditional routes fail. If you are looking for a specialist who can turn a difficult prognosis into an overwhelming success, look no further than Dr. Makis. I am incredibly grateful for his care.
Posted on Google
Olga
111 days ago
Dr. Makis Papadopoulos was excellent, professional, and very reassuring throughout the entire process. Thanks to his expertise and guidance, we were able to identify the issue early and take the appropriate steps from the beginning. He took the time to explain everything clearly, answered all our questions with patience, and made us feel comfortable and confident throughout our journey. We truly appreciated his caring approach, professionalism, and dedication. Highly recommended!
Posted on Google
Euaggelia
122 days ago
Dr. Makis Papadopoulos is an excellent scientist and above all a rare person! He is an approachable and smiling doctor, with excellent medical knowledge, who from the first moment I met him made me feel comfortable and trust him completely, answering every question I had with patience and documenting every answer with scientific studies and articles! The most important thing, however, is that Dr. Makis Papadopoulos is always there on the other end of the line to listen to you and reassure you without a trace of haste, a doctor who truly cares and makes you feel like he is your own person! Makis, thank you very much for everything!!! I am very lucky to have met you!
Dr. Makis Papadopoulos is an excellent scientist with a human-centered interest. Our collaboration was excellent from the very beginning and he made me feel confident and secure by explaining every step of the process in great detail. I highly recommend him!
Dr Makis Papadopoulos is very professional, caring and attentive. Very thorough in explaining the whole process throughout every step. Thank you! Highly recommended!!
Posted on Google
Christina
134 days ago
I would like to share my experience with Dr. Makis Papadopoulos, an outstanding gynecologist and scientist. We first connected in the summer of 2024, while he was based in Germany, through a mutual acquaintance, following a particularly challenging period for us. Prior to meeting him, we had gone through repeated unsuccessful attempts of stimulation and fertilization with other gynecologists. Unfortunately, those approaches relied largely on standardized protocols, without sufficient personalization to address the specific needs of my case. From the very beginning, Dr. Makis stood out for his human-centered approach and his willingness to dedicate time to truly understand our situation in depth. With strong, up-to-date scientific knowledge, he approaches every case holistically, focusing on individualized treatment and adapting protocols to the patient's unique needs. Throughout our collaboration, which now spans approximately two years (with a few breaks on our side), he has consistently been available, supportive, and clear in his guidance. He inspired confidence and helped us stay positive even during difficult phases of the journey. Beyond his scientific expertise, what truly sets him apart is his genuine care for the person behind each case: his empathy, honesty, and continuous effort to achieve the best possible outcome. My husband and I are deeply grateful for his support and guidance, and we now feel ready and optimistic to move forward to the next final stage. We highly recommend him to anyone seeking a gynecologist with true expertise, professionalism, and compassion. I would like to share my experience with Dr. Makis Papadopoulos, an excellent gynecologist and scientist. We met in the summer of 2024, when he was in Germany, through a mutual acquaintance, after a particularly demanding period for us. Before meeting him, we had gone through repeated failed attempts at stimulation and fertilization with other gynecologists. Unfortunately, the approaches that had been followed were mainly based on standardized protocols, without the necessary individualization to the specifics of my case. From the beginning, Dr. Makis stood out for his human approach and his willingness to spend time to understand our case in depth. With modern knowledge and scientific training, he approaches each issue multidimensionally, emphasizing the individualization of treatment and adapting the protocols to the real needs of the patient. During our collaboration, which now spans about two years (with short breaks on our part), he was always available, supportive and clear in his guidance. He inspired confidence in us and helped us remain optimistic even in difficult phases. In addition to his scientific competence, what sets him apart is his genuine interest in the person behind each case: his empathy, his honesty and his constant effort to achieve the best possible outcome. My husband and I thank him warmly for his support and guidance and we now feel ready and optimistic to move on to the next final stage. We highly recommend him to anyone looking for a gynecologist with real knowledge, professionalism and humanity.
Dr. Makis Papadopoulos is an excellent gynecologist and above all an excellent person! I truly thank him for his support and care during the egg freezing process. Although my case was particularly demanding, he stood by me with patience, knowledge, great experience and real interest. Our communication was direct and human, while his availability at the many appointments made me feel safe at every step. The protocols were designed specifically for me, aiming for the best possible result, while also taking into account the cost of the medications. I recommend him with all my heart to every woman who wants to trust someone for something so important and sensitive for her.
I highly recommend Dr. Makis, he is an incredible specialist. My journey was far from easy, encountering several challenges that made the process feel overwhelming at times. What sets him apart is his willingness to go beyond standard procedures. He developed a specialized, custom protocol, tailored to my situation, which ultimately made all the difference. Beyond his technical expertise, his calm and clear communication kept me grounded throughout the process. I am so grateful for his persistence and high level of care!
Why choose FertUlity?
Because every fertility journey deserves the right support. At FertUlity, we provide science-based fertility care with a human approach. We support every path, from fertility assessment and preservation to modern assisted reproduction.
Ready for the next step?
Learn More About IVF & Fertility
Knowledge brings confidence. At FertUlity, we share evidence-based information so you can make the right decisions about your fertility.